Kapampangan Language

Kapampangan language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Kapampangan Language produced two literary giants in the 19th century. ... The position of Kapampangan among the Northern Philippine language family is not ...
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KAPAMPANGAN IN TEN EASY LESSONS - BY ERNIE C. TURLA, English teacher ...
Lesson1 ... to learn the language of the Macapagals of Pampanga ... It's a way of saying, "I love my language, KAPAMPANGAN!" eiturla@aol.com. Domain Lookup ...
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KAPAMPANGAN - A LANGUAGE IN PERIL - Capampangan, mipacde ca ...
a symposium on how to keep Kapampangan alive in its own turf, Pampanga ... In fact Kapampangan appears to be just like a second language to them especially ...
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Kapampangan - Language Directory
kapampangan language courses, dictionaries, resources, newspapers ... The position of Kapampangan among the Northern Philippine language family is not ...
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The Prodigal Mole Cricket: Alert: Kapampangan is a Dying Language
Experts expect Kapampangan and the Pangasinan language-out of the 10 major ... Kapampangan Language Day now official. Trailer of "Ing Bangkeru" ...
kamaru.blogspot.com

Malay Relation with Kapampangan Language and Cultureby Alejandro S
Paper by Alejandro S. and Teresita Z. Camiling, reviewing the impact of Spanish on the Pampangan language. ... with the Kapampangan. Language and Culture ...
www-rcf.usc.edu

Talk:Kapampangan language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Talk:Kapampangan language. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to: navigation, search ... of the very strong Malay roots in the Kapampangan language. ...
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Kapampangan alphabet, prounciation and language
Kapampangan was written with a version of the Baybayin alphabet before the ... Fijian, Hanuno'o, Hawaiian, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Javanese, Kapampangan, Makasar, ...
www.omniglot.com

Kapampangan - Wiktionary
Kapampangan. a language spoken in the Philippines, in particular, Pampangga and Tarlac, both ... the people who speak the Kapampangan language [edit] See also ...
en.wiktionary.org

Malay Relation with Kapampangan Language and Cultureby Alejandro S
Malay Relation with Kapampangan Language and Culture ... Kapampangan language and culture just like other Philippine languages and ...
www-rcf.usc.edu




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{{language|name=Kapampangan|familycolor=Austronesian|states=Philippines|speakers=2.4 million|fam2=[Malayo-Polynesian languages|fam3=Borneo-Philippines languages|fam4=Central Luzon languages|script=Latin alphabet (Filipino orthography);
Historically written in Baybayin]
(Commission on the Filipino Language)|iso2=pam|iso3=pam-->

Kapampangan is one of the eight major languages of the Philippines.

History The word Kapampangan or Capampañgan is derived from the rootword pampang which means river bank.

Very little is known about the language prior to the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century.

In the 18th century, two books were written by Fr. Diego Bergaño. He authored Vocabulario de la lengua Pampanga and Arte de la lengua Pampanga.

Two 19th-century Kapampangan writers are hailed as being the equivalent of William Shakespeare in Kapampangan literature. Father Anselmo Fajardo was noted for his works Gonzalo de Córdova and Comedia Heróica de la Conquista de Granada. Another writer, Juan Crisostomo Soto, was noted for writing many plays. He authored Alang Dios in 1901. The Kapampangan poetical joust "Crissotan" was coined by his fellow literary genius Nobel Prize nominee for peace and literature in the 50's, Amado M. Yuzon to immortalize his contribution to Pampanga's Literature. Currently, the use of Kapampangan, even in areas where the language has traditionally been spoken, is in decline.In many gatherings Kapampangans seem more confident and articulate in exchanging views and ideas among their own K ‘countrymen’ ... in Tagalog than they would in their own tongue. For instance, many Catholic priests are now delivering their homilies in the Tagalog language during a Kapampangan liturgy while high school student meetings are conducted in the Tagalog language even if all the participants are Kapampangans. http://www.silinternational.org/asia/philippines/ical/papers/pangilinan-Dispute%20on%20Orthography.pdf

Classification Kapampangan is a Northern Philippine languages language within the Austronesian languages language family.

The position of Kapampangan among the Northern Philippine language family is not clear. It's been grouped by SIL International as a member of the geographically disjointed Bashiic-Central Luzon-Northern Mindoro languages language subfamily. This includes languages like Ivatan language (spoken north of Luzon), Yami language (spoken on Orchid Island, near the southeast coast of Taiwan, and closely related to Ivatan), and Iraya language of the island of Mindoro.

Kapampangan's closest relatives are the Sambal languages of Zambales province and the Bolinao language spoken in the city of Bolinao, Pangasinan.

Most, if not all, of these languages share the same reflex of the Proto-Austronesian consonant *R, which is /j/ in those languages.

Geographic distribution Kapampangan is primarily spoken in the provinces of Pampanga and Tarlac. It is also spoken in the provinces of Nueva Ecija, Bulacan, Bataan, and Zambales.

The Philippine Census of 2000 states that 2,312,870 out of 76,332,470 people speak Kapampangan as a native language.



Sounds Standard Kapampangan has 21 phonemes: 15 consonants and five vowels. Some western dialects of Kapampangan have six vowels. Syllable structure is relatively simple. Each syllable contains at least a consonant and a vowel.

Vowels Before the arrival of the Spanish, Kapampangan had three vowel phonemes: , , and ; some dialects also had . This was later expanded to five vowels with the introduction of Spanish words.

They are:



There are four main diphthongs; , , , and . Though in most dialects, they are reduced to only two.

Consonants Below is a chart of Kapampangan consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word.

Unlike other Philippine languages, Kapampangan lacks the phoneme /h/.

{]|Dental consonant /
Alveolar consonant|Palatal consonant|Velar consonant|Glottal consonant|-|rowspan=2 | Stop consonant|Voiceless|p|t||k| - |-|Voiced|b|d||g||-| rowspan=2 | Affricate consonant|Voiceless|||(ts, tiy) |||-|Voiced|||(diy) |||-| colspan=2 | Fricative consonant||s|(siy) |||-| colspan=2 | Nasal consonant|m|n||ng ||-| colspan=2 | Lateral consonant||l||||-| colspan=2 | Flap consonant||r||||-| colspan=2 | Semivowels|w||(y) |||}

Stress Stress is phonemic in Kapampangan. Primary stress occurs on either the last or the next-to-last syllable of a word. Vowel lengthening accompanies primary or secondary stress except when stress occurs at the end of a word.

Phonology

Historical sound changes In Kapampangan, the Proto-Philippine schwa vowel has merged to /a/ in most dialects of Kapampangan. It is preserved in some western dialects. For example, Proto-Philippine * is tanam (to plant) in Kapampangan. Compare with Tagalog tanim and Cebuano language tanom.

Proto-Philippine merged with . For example, the Kapampangan word for "new" is bayu while in Tagalog it is bago and baro in Ilokano language.

Grammar Nouns While Kapampangan nouns are not inflection, they are usually preceded by case markers. There are three types of case markers: absolutive case (nominative), ergative (genitive), and oblique.

Unlike English language and Spanish language which are nominative-accusative languages, Kapampangan is an ergative-absolutive language. It's a common misconception that Kapampangan is frequently spoken in the passive voice.

Absolutive or nominative markers mark the actor of an intransitive verb and the object of a transitive verb.

Ergative or genitive markers mark the object (usually indefinite) of an intransitive verb and the actor of a transitive one. It also marks possession.

Oblique markers are similar to prepositions in English. It marks things such as location and direction.

Furthermore, noun markers are divided into two classes: one for names of people (personal) and the second for everything else (common).

Below is a chart of case markers.

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"! !Absolutive!Ergative!Oblique|-|Common singular|ing| -ng,
ning|king|-|Common plural|ding
ring|ring|karing|-|Personal singular|i| -ng|kang|-|Personal plural|di
ri|ri|kari|}

Examples:

Dinatang ya ing lalaki.
"The man arrived."

Ikit neng Juan i Maria.
"John saw Maria."

Munta la ri Elena at Robertu king bale nang Miguel./Munta la di Elena at Robertu king bale nang Miguel.
"Elena and Roberto will go to Miguel's house."

Nukarin la ring libro?
"Where are the books?"

Ibie ke ing susi kang Carmen.
direct translation = I will give the key to Carmen"I will give Carmen the key." better translation = I will give the key to Carmen *** of course, the meanings are the same; it's just a matter of sentence construction.

Pronouns Kapampangan pronouns are categorized by case: absolutive, ergative, and oblique.

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"

!  !Absolutive
(Independent)!Absolutive
(Enclitic)!Ergative!Oblique|-|1st person singular|yaku, aku|ku|ku|kanaku, kaku|-|2nd person singular|ika|ka|mu|keka|-|3rd person singular|iya, ya|ya|na|keya, kaya|-|1st person dual|ikata|kata, ta|ta|kekata|-|1st person plural inclusive|ikatamu, itamu|katamu, tamu|tamu, ta|kekatamu, kekata|-|1st person plural exclusive|ikami, ike|kami, ke| mi|kekami, keke|-|2nd person plural|ikayo, iko|kayu, ko|yu|kekayu, keko|-|3rd person plural|ila|la|da|karela|}

Examples:

Sinulat ku.
"I wrote."

Silatanan na ku.
"(He) wrote me."

Dinatang ya.
"He has arrived." Dinatang ya = "He arrived" or "He arrives"; He has arrived = Dinatang ne

Sabyan me kaku.
"Tell me it." I don't know how to explain this; more proper translation is: tell it to me}

Ninu ing minaus keka?
"Who called you?

Mamasa la.
"They are reading."

Genitive pronouns follow the word they modify. Oblique pronouns can take the place of the genitive pronoun but they precede the word they modify.

Ing bale ku.
Ing kakung bale.
"My house."

The dual pronoun ikata refers to only the first and second persons.

The inclusive pronoun ikatamu refers to the first and second persons. It may also refer to a third person(s).

The exclusive pronoun ikamí refers to the first and third persons but excludes the second.

Ala tang nasi.
"We (you and I) do not have rice." word "you" here maybe plural or singular

Ala tamung nasi.
"We (you and I and someone else) do not have rice." is the same as above; "tang" is only a shortcut of "tamung"

Ala keng nasi.
"We (someone else and I, but not you) do not have rice." third person maybe singular or plural, that is, "we" may refer to "He/She and I" or "They and I"

Furthermore, Kapampangan stands out among many [Languages of the Philippines in requiring the presence of the pronoun even if the noun it represents, or the antecedent (grammar), is present.

Dinatang ya i Erning. (not *dinatang i Erning)
"Ernie arrived."

Mamasa la ri Maria at Juan./Mamasa la di Maria at Juan. (not *mamasa ri Maria at Juan/mamasa di Maria at Juan)
"Maria and Juan are reading."

Silatanan na kang José. (not *silatanan kang José)
"José wrote you."

As a comparison, it would be akin to saying *dumating siya si Erning, *bumabasa sila sina Maria at Juan and *sinulatan ka niya ni José in Tagalog language.

Special forms The pronouns ya and la have special forms when they are used in conjunction with the words ati (there is/are) and ala (there is/are not).

Ati yu king Pampanga. (not *Ati ya king Pampanga)
"He is in Pampanga." both "ati yu..." and "ati ya..." are equally right; plural form is "atilu" and "atila" meaning "they are..."

Ala lu ring doktor keni./Ala lu ding doktor keni. (not *ala la ring doktor keni/ala la ding doktor keni)
The doctors are no longer here. [same as above: "ala la" and "ala lu" are both correct in the plural form; singular form: "ala ya..." and "ala yu..."

NOTE: I'M A KAPAMPANGAN. I DON'T KNOW HOW TO EDIT; I'M JUST MAKING NOTES FOR THE WEB SITE AND/OR OTHER USERS TO MAKE THE NECESSARY CORRECTIONS. THANKS.

Pronoun combinations The order and forms in which Kapampangan pronouns appear in sentences are outlined in the following chart.

Kapampangan pronouns follow a certain order following verbs or particles like negation words. The enclitic pronoun is always first followed by another pronoun or discourse marker.

Ikit da ka.
"I saw you."

Silatanan na ku.
"He wrote to me."

However, the following constructions are incorrect: *ikit ka da and *silatanan ku na

Also, pronouns combine to form one portmanteau pronoun.

Ikit ke. (instead of Ikit ku ya)
"I saw her."

Dinan kong pera. (instead of Dinan ku lang pera.)
"I will give them money." "Dinan ku la..." is correct; "kong..." is a shortcut of "ku lang..."

Portmanteau pronouns are not usually used in questions and while using the word naman. Furthermore,

Akakit me? (instead of akakit me?)
Do you see him?

Buri nya naman yan/buri ne murin yan. (instead of buri ne naman yan)
he likes that, too

The chart below outlines the permitted combinations of pronouns. There are blank entries to denote combinations which are deemed impossible.

The column headings (i.e., yaku, ika, etc.) in bold denote pronouns in the absolutive case while the row headings (i.e., ku, mu, etc.) denote pronouns in the ergative case.

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"! !yaku
1 s!ika
2 s!ya
3 s!ikata
1 dual!ikatamu
1 p inc.!ikami
1 p exc.!ikayo
2 p!ila
3 p|-|ku
1 s|(ing sarili ku)|da ka|ke
kya| -| -| -|da ko
da kayu|ko
ku la|-|mu
2 s|mu ku|(ing sarili mu)|me
mya| -| -|mu ke
mu kami| -|mo
mu la|-|na
3 s|na ku|na ka|ne
nya
(ing sarili na)|na kata|na katamu|na ke
na kami|na ko
na kayu|no
nu la|-|ta
1 dual| -| -|te
tya|(ing sarili ta)| -| -| -|to
ta la|-|tamu
1 p inc.| -| -|ta ya| -|(ing sarili tamu)| -| -|ta la|-|mi
1 p exc.| -|da ka|mi ya| -| -|(ing sarili mi)|da ko
da kayu|mi la|-|yu
2 p|yu ku| -|ye
ya| -| -|yu ke
yu kami|(ing sarili yu)|yo
yu la|-|da
3 p|da ku|da ka|de
dya|da kata|da katamu|da ke
da kami|da ko
da kayu|do
da la
(ing sarili da)|}

Demonstrative pronouns Kapampangan's demonstrative pronouns are outlined in the chart below.

This particular system of demonstrative pronouns differs with other Philippine languages by having separate forms for the singular and plural.

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"! rowspan="2" |  ! colspan="2" | Absolutive! colspan="2" | Ergative! colspan="2" | Oblique! colspan="2" | Locative! rowspan="2" | Existential|-|Singular|Plural|Singular|Plural|Singular|Plural|Singular|Plural|-|Nearest to speaker
(this, here)|ini|deni
reni|nini|dareni|kanini|kareni|oyni|oreni|keni|-|Near speaker & addressee
(this, here)|iti|deti
reti|niti|dareti|kaniti|kareti|oyti|oreti|keti|-|Nearest addressee
(that, there)|iyan|den
ren|niyan|daren|kanyan|karen|oyan|oren|ken|-|Remote
(yon, yonder)|ita|deta
reta|nita|dareta|kanita|kareta|oyta|oreta|keta|}

The demonstrative pronouns ini and iti (as well as their respective forms) both mean "this" but each have distinct uses.

Iti usually refers to something abstract but may also refer to concrete nouns. For example, iting musika (this music), iti ing gagawan mi (this is what we do).

Ini is always concrete and never abstract. For example ining libru (this book), ini ing asu nang Juan (this is Juan's dog).

Furthermore, in their locative forms, keni is used when the person spoken to is not near the subject spoken of. Keti, on the other hand, when the person spoken to is near the subject spoken of. For example, two people in the same country will refer to their country as keti however, they will refer to their respective towns as keni. Both mean here.

Nanu ini?
"What's this?"

Mangabanglu la rening sampaga./Mangabanglu la dening sampaga.
"These flowers smell good."

Ninu ing lalaking ita?
"Who is that man/guy?"

Me keni/munta ka keni.
"Come here."

Ati ku keti/atsu ku keni/atyu ku keni.
"I am here."

Mangan la keta.
"They will eat there."

Ninu ing anak a yan?
"Who is that child?"

Uyta/Oyta ya pala ing salamin mo/mu!
"So that's where your glasses are!"

E ku pa menakit makanyan/makanini.
"I haven't seen one of these before"

Manyaman la ren./Manyaman la den.
Those are delicious.

ayni/Areni/Oreni la reng adwang regalo para keka.
"Here are the two gifts for you."

Verbs Kapampangan verbs are morphologically complex and take on a variety of affixes reflecting focus, aspect, mode, and others.

Ambiguities and irregularities Speakers of other Philippine languages find Kapampangan verbs to be more difficult than their own languages' verbs due to some verbs belonging to unpredictable verb classes as well as ambiguity with certain verb forms.

To illustrate this, let's take the rootword sulat (write) which exists in both Tagalog and Kapampangan.

For example:



The object-focus suffix -an represents two types of focuses. However, the only difference between the two is that one of the conjugations preserves -an in the completed aspect while it is dropped in the other conjugation. Take the two verbs below:

bayaran (to pay someone): bayaran (will pay someone), babayaran (is paying someone), beyaran (paid someone)

bayaran (to pay for something): bayaran (will pay for something), babayaran (is paying for something), binayad (paid for something)

Note that other Philippine languages have separate forms. For example, there is -in and -an in Tagalog, -on and -an in Bikol language and in most of the Visayan languages, and -en and -an in Ilokano language. This is due to historical sound changes concerning Proto-Philippine /*e/ mentioned above.

There are a number of actor-focus verbs which do not use the infix -um- but are usually conjugated like other verbs that do. For example, gawa (to do), bulus (to immerse), terak (to dance), lukas (to take off), sindi (to smoke), saklu (to fetch), takbang (to step), tuki (to accompany), etc. are used instead of *gumawa, *bumulus, *tumerak, *lumukas, *sumindi, *sumaklu, *tumakbang, *tumuki,

Many of the verbs mentioned in the previous paragraph undergo a change of their vowel rather than use the infix -in- (completed aspect). In the actor focus (i.e., -um- verbs), this happens only to verbs having the vowel /u/ in the first syllable. For example, the verb lukas (to take off) is conjugated lukas (will take off), lulukas (is taking off), and likas (took off) (rather than *linukas).

This change of vowel also applies to certain object-focus verbs in the completed aspect. In addition to /u/ becoming /i/, /a/ becomes /e/ in certain cases. For example, dela (brought something) and not *dinala, semal (worked on something) and not *sinamal, and seli (bought) and not *sinali.

Furthermore, there is no written distinction between the two mag- affixes in writing. Magsalita can either mean is speaking or will speak. There is an audible difference, however. means "will speak" while means "is speaking".

Conjugation chart Below is a chart of the basic Kapampangan verbal affixes.

{| border="1" cellpadding="2"! !Infinitive &
Contemplative!Progressive!Completed|-!Actor Focus1a| -um-| CV-| -in-|-!Actor Focus1b| -| CV-| -in-
-i-|-!Actor Focus1c| m-| mVm-| min-
me-|-!Actor Focus2|mag-|mág-|mig-, meg-|-!Actor Focus3|ma-|má-|ne-|-!Actor Focus4|maN-|máN-|meN-|-!Object Focus1| -an| CV- ... -an| -in-
-i-
-e-|-!Object Focus2
Benefactive Focus|i-|iCV-|i- -in-
i- -i-
i- -e-|-!Object Focus3
Locative Focus| -an|CV- ... -an| -in- ... -an
-i- ... -an
-e- ... -an|-!Instrument Focus|ipaN-|páN-|piN-, peN|-!Reason Focus|ka-|ká-|ke-|-|}

Enclitic Particles Existential Interrogative Words Komustá is used to inquire how something is (are). It is frequently used as a greeting meaning How are you? It is derived from the Spanish ¿cómo está?.Komustá na ka?
“How are you?”

Komustá ya ing pasyente?
“How is the patient?”

Nanu means what.

Nanu ya ing gagawa?
“What is he doing?”

Ninu means who.

Ninu la reng lalake?/Ninu la deng lalake?
“Who are those men?”

Ninu i Jennifer?
“Who is Jennifer?”

Nokarin means where but is used to inquire about the location of an object and not used with verbs.

Nokarin ya ing drayber?
“Where is the driver?”
Note: Drayber is the Kapampangan phonetic spelling of “driver.”

Nokarin ya i Henry?
“Where is Henry?”

Loan Words Many Kapampangan words have been borrowed from foreign languages, like Spanish language such as swerti/swerte (from suerte, luck), krus (cruz, cross), kwartu/kwarto (from cuarto, room), peru/pero (from pero, but), and berdi/berde (from verde, green); Chinese language such as susi/suse (from xu-xi, key) and sungkî/sungkê (from sung-ki, uneven); and Sanskrit language such as karma.

Examples Some Common Phrases Kaluguran da ka - I love you

Numbers {|-|1|metung (for simple counting)/metung (for describing the quantity of the object)|-|2|adwa|-|3|atlu/atlo|-|4|apat|-|5|lima|-|6|anam|-|7|pitu/pito|-|8|walu/walo|-|9|siyam|-|10|apulu/apulo (for simple counting), apulu/apulo (for describing the quantity of the object)|-|11|pulu’t isa/pulu at isa (for simple counting), pulu’t metung/pulu at metung (for describing the quantity of the object) (onsi/onse, Spanish numerals are used above 10)|-|12|pulu’t adwa/pulu at adwa (dosi/dose)|-|13|pulu’t atlu/pulu’t atlo OR pulu at atlu/pulu at atlo (tresi/trese)|-|14|pulu’t apat/pulu at apat (katorsi/katorse)|-|15|pulu’t lima/pulu at lima (kinsi/kinse)|-|20|benti/bente|-|30|trenta|-|100|syentu/syento|-|1,000,000|isang milyón|}

Traditional Children's Song Atin ku pung singsing
Metung yang timpukan
Amana ke iti
King indung ibatan
[Better = "Kang..."Sangkan keng sininup
King metung a kaban
Mewala ya iti,
E ku kamalayan.

Ing sukal ning lub ku
Susukdul king banwa
Pikurus kung gamat
[or the active "Mikurus..."Babo ning lamesa
Ninu mang manakit
King singsing kung mana
Kalulung pusu ku
Manginu ya keya.

English Translation:

I once had a ring
With a beautiful gem
I inherited this
From my mother
I stored it as well as I could
In a hopebox
But it just suddenly disappeared
I didn't notice.

The heartache inside me
Is as high as the sky
My crossed hands (as I pray)
Are upon the table
Whoever would find
That inherited ring
My inherited ringMy poor heart (that's aching)
Shall forever worship him/her.

See also

References External links



Kapampangan language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kapampangan is one of the major languages of the Philippines. The language is also called Pampango, Capampangan, Pampangueño, and Amanung Sisuan.

Kapampangan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kapampangan or Pampangan may refer to: Kapampangan people of the Philippines; Kapampangan language

Kapampangan alphabet, prounciation and language
Kapampangan. Kapampangan is spoken mainly on the Philippine island of Luzon by about 2.4 million people. It is a member of the Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language ...

Malay Relation with Kapampangan Language and Cultureby Alejandro S
Paper by Alejandro S. and Teresita Z. Camiling, reviewing the impact of Spanish on the Pampangan language.

Kapampangan - Wiktionary
pertaining to the people who speak the Kapampangan language [edit] See also. Filipino (Filipino index) Pilipino [edit] External links. Ethnologue entry for Kapampangan, pam

Malay Relation with Kapampangan Language and Cultureby Alejandro S
Malay Relation with Kapampangan Language and Culture by Alejandro S. Camiling, CPA with Teresita Z. Camiling, BSE, MA

Category:Kapampangan language - Wiktionary
Entries in category “Kapampangan language” This category contains only the following page. k. kaluguran daka

Kapampangan/Introduction - Wikibooks, collection of open-content ...
This book offers you the possibility to learn the Filipino language called Kapampangan. [edit] Who should read this book? To our knowledge, there is no such book available in print ...

Category:Kapampangan language - Wikimedia Commons
This page was last modified on 6 October 2006, at 21:23. Text is available under GNU Free Documentation License. Wikimedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation ...

Center for Kapampangan Studies
Kapampangan language: Mario van de Visser: 3: 04/14/08 5:37 PM: manuntag clan: john vincent j. manuntag: 7: 04/05/08 10:32 PM: just curious: minette: 0: 01/08/08 5:10 AM





 
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